Formatted all pages according to guidelines.

waldyrious/alt-syntax
Ruben Vereecken 2016-01-07 18:31:27 +01:00
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# 7za
> A file archiver with high compression ratio
> A file archiver with high compression ratio.
- compress directory or file
- Compress directory or file:
`7za a {{compressed.7z}} {{directory_or_file_to_compress}}`
- decompress an existing 7z file with original directory structure
- Decompress an existing 7z file with original directory structure:
`7za x {{compressed.7z}}`
- compress to zip format
- Compress to zip format:
`7za a -tzip {{compressed.zip}} {{directory_or_file_to_compress}}`
- create multipart 7zip file; `part_size` specifies part size in Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes or Gigabytes.
- Create multipart 7zip file; `part_size` specifies part size in Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes or Gigabytes:
`7za -v{{part_size}}{{[b|k|m|g]}} {{compressed.7z}} {{directory_or_file_to_compress}}`

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> Apache Benchmarking tool. The simplest tool to perform a load testing.
- Execute 100 HTTP GET requests to given URL.
- Execute 100 HTTP GET requests to given URL:
`ab -n 100 {{url}}`
- Execute 100 HTTP GET requests, processing up to 10 requests concurrently, to given URL.
- Execute 100 HTTP GET requests, processing up to 10 requests concurrently, to given URL:
`ab -n 100 -c 10 {{url}}`

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> A search tool like grep, optimized for programmers.
- Find files containing "foo"
- Find files containing "foo":
`ack {{foo}}`
- Find files in a specific language
- Find files in a specific language:
`ack --ruby {{each_with_object}}`
- Count the total number of matches for the term "foo"
- Count the total number of matches for the term "foo":
`ack -ch {{foo}}`
- Show the file names containing "foo" and number of matches in each file
- Show the file names containing "foo" and number of matches in each file:
`ack -cl {{foo}}`

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# Android Debug Bridge
> Communicate with an Android emulator instance or connected Android devices
> Communicate with an Android emulator instance or connected Android devices.
- Check whether the adb server process is running and start it
- Check whether the adb server process is running and start it:
`adb start-server`
- Terminate the adb server process
- Terminate the adb server process:
`adb kill-server`
- Start a remote shell in the target emulator/device instance
- Start a remote shell in the target emulator/device instance:
`adb shell`
- Push an Android application to an emulator/device
- Push an Android application to an emulator/device:
`adb install -r {{apk.path}}`

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> The Silver Searcher. Like ack, but faster.
- Find files containing "foo"
- Find files containing "foo":
`ag foo`
- Find "foo" in files with a name matching "bar"
- Find "foo" in files with a name matching "bar":
`ag foo -G bar`
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`ag '^ba(r|z)$'`
- Find files with a name matching "foo"
- Find files with a name matching "foo":
`ag -g foo`

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# alias
> Creates an alias for a word when used
> as the first word of a command
> Creates an alias for a word when used.
> As the first word of a command.
- creating a generic alias
- Creating a generic alias:
`alias {{word}}="{{command}}"`
- remove an aliased command
- Remove an aliased command:
`unalias {{word}}`
- full list of aliased words
- Full list of aliased words:
`alias -p`
- turning rm an interative command
- Turning rm an interative command:
`alias {{rm}}="{{rm -i}}"`
- overriding la as ls -a
- Overriding la as ls -a:
`alias {{la}}="{{ls -a}}"`

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# apropos
> Search in manpages
> for example to find a new command
> Search in manpages.
> For example to find a new command.
- search for keyword
- Search for keyword:
`apropos {{regular_expression}}`
- search without restricting output to terminal width
- Search without restricting output to terminal width:
`apropos -l {{regular_expression}}`

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# ar
> Create, modify, and extract from archives (.a .so .o)
> Create, modify, and extract from archives (.a .so .o).
- Extract all members from an archive
- Extract all members from an archive:
`ar -x {{libfoo.a}}`
- List the members of an archive
- List the members of an archive:
`ar -t {{libfoo.a}}`
- Replace or add files to an archive
- Replace or add files to an archive:
`ar -r {{libfoo.a}} {{foo.o}} {{bar.o}} {{baz.o}}`
- Insert an object file index (equivalent to using `ranlib`)
- Insert an object file index (equivalent to using `ranlib`):
`ar -s {{libfoo.a}}`
- Create an archive with files and an accompanying object file index
- Create an archive with files and an accompanying object file index:
`ar -rs {{libfoo.a}} {{foo.o}} {{bar.o}} {{baz.o}}`

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# awk
> A versatile programming language for working on files
> A versatile programming language for working on files.
- Print the fifth column in a space separated file
- Print the fifth column in a space separated file:
`awk '{print $5}' {{filename}}`
- Print the third column in a comma separated file
- Print the third column in a comma separated file:
`awk -F ',' '{print $3}' {{filename}}`
- Sum the values in the first column and print the total
- Sum the values in the first column and print the total:
`awk '{s+=$1} END {print s}' {{filename}}`
- Sum the values in the first column and pretty-print the values and then the total
- Sum the values in the first column and pretty-print the values and then the total:
`awk '{s+=$1; print $1} END {print "--------"; print s}' {{filename}}`

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# bash
> Bourne-Again SHell
> Bourne-Again SHell.
> `sh`-compatible command line interpreter.
- Start interactive command line interpreter
- Start interactive command line interpreter:
`bash`
- Execute command passed as parameter
- Execute command passed as parameter:
`bash -c {{command}}`
- Run commands from file (script)
- Run commands from file (script):
`bash {{file}}`
- Run commands from file and print them as they are executed
- Run commands from file and print them as they are executed:
`bash -x {{file}}`

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> Save and jump to commonly used directories using 1 character commands.
- List available bookmarks
- List available bookmarks:
`l`
- Save the current folder as "bookmark_name"
- Save the current folder as "bookmark_name":
`s {{bookmark_name}}`
- Go to a bookmarked folder
- Go to a bookmarked folder:
`g {{bookmark_name}}`
- Print a bookmarked folder's contents
- Print a bookmarked folder's contents:
`p {{bookmark_name}}`
- Delete a bookmark
- Delete a bookmark:
`d {{bookmark_name}}`

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> Calculator.
- Run calculator in interactive mode
- Run calculator in interactive mode:
`bc -i`
- Calculate the result of an expression
- Calculate the result of an expression:
`bc <<< "(1 + 2) * 2 ^ 2"`
- Calculate with the given precision
- Calculate with the given precision:
`bc <<< "scale=10; 5 / 3"`
- Calculate expression with sine and cosine using mathlib
- Calculate expression with sine and cosine using mathlib:
`bc -l <<< "s(1) + c(1)"`

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> Dependency manager for the Ruby programming language.
- Installs all gems defined in the gemfile expected in the working directory.
- Installs all gems defined in the gemfile expected in the working directory:
`bundle install`
- Update all gems by the rules defined in the gemfile and regenerate gemfile.lock
- Update all gems by the rules defined in the gemfile and regenerate gemfile.lock:
`bundle update`
- Update one specific gem defined in the gemfile
- Update one specific gem defined in the gemfile:
`bundle update --source {{gemname}}`
- Create a new gem skeleton
- Create a new gem skeleton:
`bundle gem {{gemname}}`

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# cal
> Prints calendar information
> Prints calendar information.
- Display a calendar for the current month or specified month
- Display a calendar for the current month or specified month:
`cal`
`cal -m {{12}}`
`cal -m {{Dec}}`
- Display a calendar for the current year or a specified year
- Display a calendar for the current year or a specified year:
`cal -y`
`cal 2013`
- Display date of Easter (western churches)
- Display date of Easter (western churches):
`ncal -e`
`ncal -e 2013`

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> Ebooks must be imported into the library using the GUI or calibredb before.
> Part of the Calibre ebook library.
- Start a server to distribute ebooks. Access at http://localhost:8080
- Start a server to distribute ebooks. Access at http://localhost:8080:
`calibre-server`
- Start server on different port. Access at http://localhost:port
- Start server on different port. Access at http://localhost:port:
`calibre-server --port {{port}}`
- Password protect the server.
- Password protect the server:
`calibre-server --username {{username}} --password {{password}}`

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> Tool to manipulate the your ebook database.
> Part of the Calibre ebook library.
- List ebooks in the library with additional information.
- List ebooks in the library with additional information:
`calibredb list`
- Search for ebooks displaying additional information.
- Search for ebooks displaying additional information:
`calibredb list --search {{search-term}}`
- Search for just ids of ebooks.
- Search for just ids of ebooks:
`calibredb search {{search term}}`
- Add one or more ebooks to the library.
- Add one or more ebooks to the library:
`calibredb add {{file1 file2 …}}`
- Remove one or more ebooks from the library. You need ebook-ids (see above)
- Remove one or more ebooks from the library. You need ebook-ids (see above):
`calibredb remove {{id1 id2 …}}`

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> Print and concatenate files.
- Print the contents of a file to the standard output
- Print the contents of a file to the standard output:
`cat {{file}}`
- Concatenate several files into the target file.
- Concatenate several files into the target file:
`cat {{file1}} {{file2}} > {{target-file}}`
- Append serveral files into the target file.
- Append serveral files into the target file:
`cat {{file1}} {{file2}} >> {{target-file}}`

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# cd
> Change the current working directory
> Change the current working directory.
- Go to the given directory
- Go to the given directory:
`cd {{/path/to/directory}}`
- Go to home directory of current user
- Go to home directory of current user:
`cd`
- Go up to the parent of the current directory
- Go up to the parent of the current directory:
`cd ..`
- Go to the previously chosen directory
- Go to the previously chosen directory:
`cd -`

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# chmod
> Change the access permissions of a file or directory
> Change the access permissions of a file or directory.
- Give the (u)ser who owns a file the right to e(x)ecute it
- Give the (u)ser who owns a file the right to e(x)ecute it:
`chmod u+x {{file}}`
- Give the user rights to (r)ead and (w)rite to a file/directory
- Give the user rights to (r)ead and (w)rite to a file/directory:
`chmod u+rw {{file}}`
- Remove executable rights from the (g)roup
- Remove executable rights from the (g)roup:
`chmod g-x {{file}}`
- Give (a)ll users rights to read and execute
- Give (a)ll users rights to read and execute:
`chmod a+rx {{file}}`
- Give (o)thers (not in the file owner's group) the same rights as the group
- Give (o)thers (not in the file owner's group) the same rights as the group:
`chmod o=g {{file}}`

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# chown
> Change the owning user/group of the specified files
> Change the owning user/group of the specified files.
- change the user of a file
- Change the user of a file:
`chown {{user}} {{path/to/file}}`
- change the user and group of a file
- Change the user and group of a file:
`chown {{user}}:{{group}} {{path/to/file}}`
- recursively change the owner of an entire folder
- Recursively change the owner of an entire folder:
`chown -R {{user}} {{path/to/folder}}`
- change the owner of a symbolic link
- Change the owner of a symbolic link:
`chown -h {{user}} {{path/to/symlink}}`
- use the owner and group of a reference file and apply those values to another file
- Use the owner and group of a reference file and apply those values to another file:
`chown --reference={{reference-file}} {{path/to/file}}`

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# chsh
> Change user's login shell
> Change user's login shell.
- change shell
- Change shell:
`chsh -s {{path/to/shell_binary}} {{username}}`

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# cksum
> Calculates CRC checksums and byte counts of a file
> Calculates CRC checksums and byte counts of a file.
> Note, on old UNIX systems the CRC implementation may differ.
- Display a 32 bit checksum, size in bytes and filename
- Display a 32 bit checksum, size in bytes and filename:
`cksum {{filename}}`

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> Compiler for C, C++, and Objective-C source files. Can be used as a drop-in replacement for GCC.
- Compile a source code file into an executable binary
- Compile a source code file into an executable binary:
`clang {{input_source.c}} -o {{output_executable}}`
- Activate output of all errors and warnings
- Activate output of all errors and warnings:
`clang {{input_source.c}} -Wall -o {{output_executable}}`
- Include libraries located at a different path than the source file
- Include libraries located at a different path than the source file:
`clang {{input_source.c}} -o {{output_executable}} -I{{header_path}} -L{{library_path}} -l{{library_name}}`

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> Select or reject lines common to two files. Both files must be sorted.
- Produce three tab-separated columns: lines only in first file, lines only in second file and common lines.
- Produce three tab-separated columns: lines only in first file, lines only in second file and common lines:
`comm {{file1}} {{file2}}`
- Print only lines common to both files.
- Print only lines common to both files:
`comm -12 {{file1}} {{file2}}`
- Print only lines common to both files, read one file from stdin.
- Print only lines common to both files, read one file from stdin:
`cat {{file1}} | comm -12 - {{file2}}`
- Print lines only found in first file.
- Print lines only found in first file:
`comm -23 {{file1}} {{file2}}`
- Print lines only found in second file.
- Print lines only found in second file:
`comm -13 {{file1}} {{file2}}`

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# convert
> Imagemagick image conversion tool
> Imagemagick image conversion tool.
- Convert an image from JPG to PNG
- Convert an image from JPG to PNG:
`convert {{image.jpg}} {{image.png}}`
- Scale an image 50% it's original size
- Scale an image 50% it's original size:
`convert {{image.png}} -resize 50% {{image2.png}}`
- Scale an image keeping the original aspect ratio to a maximum dimension of 640x480.
- Scale an image keeping the original aspect ratio to a maximum dimension of 640x480:
`convert {{image.png}} -resize 640x480 {{image2.png}}`
- Horizontally append images
- Horizontally append images:
`convert {{image1.png}} {{image2.png}} {{image3.png}} +append {{image123.png}}`

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# cordova
> Mobile apps with HTML, CSS & JS
> Mobile apps with HTML, CSS & JS.
- Create a cordova project
- Create a cordova project:
`cordova create {{path}} {{package.name}} {{project.name}}`
- Display the current workspace status
- Display the current workspace status:
`cordova info`
- Add a cordova platform
- Add a cordova platform:
`cordova platform add {{platform}}`
- Remove a cordova platform
- Remove a cordova platform:
`cordova platform remove {{platform}}`
- Add a cordova plugin
- Add a cordova plugin:
`cordova plugin add {{pluginid}}`
- Remove a cordova plugin
- Remove a cordova plugin:
`cordova plugin remove {{pluginid}}`

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# cowsay
> Generate an ASCII character like a cow or sheep saying or thinking something
> Generate an ASCII character like a cow or sheep saying or thinking something.
- Print an ASCII cow saying "Hello world!"
- Print an ASCII cow saying "Hello world!":
`cowsay "Hello world!"`
- Print an ASCII dragon saying "Hello!"
- Print an ASCII dragon saying "Hello!":
`echo "Hello!" | cowsay -f dragon`
- Print a stoned thinking ASCII cow
- Print a stoned thinking ASCII cow:
`cowthink -s "I'm just a cow, not a great thinker ..."`

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# cp
> Copy files
> Copy files.
- Copy files in arbitrary locations
- Copy files in arbitrary locations:
`cp {{/path/to/original}} {{/path/to/copy}}`
- Copy a file to a parent directory
- Copy a file to a parent directory:
`cp {{/path/to/original}} ../{{path/to/copy}}`
- Copy directories recursive using the option -r
- Copy directories recursive using the option -r:
`cp -r {{/path/to/original}} {{/path/to/copy}}`
- Show files as they are copied
- Show files as they are copied:
`cp -vr {{/path/to/original}} {{/path/to/copy}}`
- Make a copy of a file, adding an extension
- Make a copy of a file, adding an extension:
`cp {{file.html}}{,.backup}`
- Make a copy of a file, changing the extension
- Make a copy of a file, changing the extension:
`cp {{file.}}{html,backup}`

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# curl
> Transfers data from or to a server
> Supports most protocols including HTTP, FTP, POP
> Transfers data from or to a server.
> Supports most protocols including HTTP, FTP, POP.
- Download a URL to a file
- Download a URL to a file:
`curl "{{URL}}" -o {{filename}}`
- send form-encoded data
- Send form-encoded data:
`curl --data {{name=bob}} {{http://localhost/form}}`
- send JSON data
- Send JSON data:
`curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d {{'{"name":"bob"}'}} {{http://localhost/login}}`
- specify an HTTP method
- Specify an HTTP method:
`curl -X {{DELETE}} {{http://localhost/item/123}}`
- head request
- Head request:
`curl --head {{http://localhost}}`
- pass a user name and password for server authentication
- Pass a user name and password for server authentication:
`curl -u myusername:mypassword {{http://localhost}}`

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# cut
> Cut out fields from STDIN or files
> Cut out fields from STDIN or files.
- Cut out the first sixteen characters of each line of STDIN
- Cut out the first sixteen characters of each line of STDIN:
`cut -c {{1-16}}`
- Cut out the first sixteen characters of each line of the given files
- Cut out the first sixteen characters of each line of the given files:
`cut -c {{1-16}} {{file}}`
- Cut out everything from the 3rd character to the end of each line
- Cut out everything from the 3rd character to the end of each line:
`cut -c{{3-}}`
- Cut out the fifth field, split on the colon character of each line
- Cut out the fifth field, split on the colon character of each line:
`cut -d'{{:}}' -f{{5}}`
- Cut out the fields five and 10, split on the colon character of each line
- Cut out the fields five and 10, split on the colon character of each line:
`cut -d'{{:}}' -f{{5,10}}`
- Cut out the fields five through 10, split on the colon character of each line
- Cut out the fields five through 10, split on the colon character of each line:
`cut -d'{{:}}' -f{{5-10}}`

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# date
> Set or display the system date
> Set or display the system date.
- Display the date using the default locale
- Display the date using the default locale:
`date +"%c"`
- Display the date in UTC and ISO 8601 format
- Display the date in UTC and ISO 8601 format:
`date -u +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"`

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# deluser
> Remove a user account or remove a user from a group
> Remove a user account or remove a user from a group.
- Remove a user
- Remove a user:
`deluser {{name}}`
- Remove a user along with their home directory and mail spool
- Remove a user along with their home directory and mail spool:
`deluser -r {{name}}`
- Remove a user from a group
- Remove a user from a group:
`deluser {{name}} {{group}}`

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# df
> gives an overview of the file system disk space usage
> Gives an overview of the file system disk space usage.
- display all file systems and their disk usage
- Display all file systems and their disk usage:
`df`
- display all file systems and their disk usage in human readable form
- Display all file systems and their disk usage in human readable form:
`df -h`

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# diff
> Compare files and directories
> Compare files and directories.
- Compare files
- Compare files:
`diff {{file1}} {{file2}}`
- Compare files, ignoring white spaces
- Compare files, ignoring white spaces:
`diff -w {{file1}} {{file2}}`
- Compare files, showing differences side by side
- Compare files, showing differences side by side:
`diff -y {{file1}} {{file2}}`
- Compare directories recursively
- Compare directories recursively:
`diff -r {{directory1}} {{directory2}}`
- Compare directories, only showing the names of files that differ
- Compare directories, only showing the names of files that differ:
`diff -rq {{directory1}} {{directory2}}`

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# dig
> DNS Lookup utility
> DNS Lookup utility.
- Lookup the IP(s) associated with a hostname (A records)
- Lookup the IP(s) associated with a hostname (A records):
`dig +short {{hostname.com}}`
- Lookup the mail server associated with a given domain name (MX record)
- Lookup the mail server associated with a given domain name (MX record):
`dig +short {{hostname.com}} MX`
- Specify an alternate DNS server to query (8.8.8.8 is google's public DNS)
- Specify an alternate DNS server to query (8.8.8.8 is google's public DNS):
`dig @8.8.8.8 {{hostname.com}}`

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# docker
> Docker allows you to package an application with all of its
> dependencies into a standardized unit for software development.
> Docker allows you to package an application with all of its.
> Dependencies into a standardized unit for software development.
- List of running docker containers
- List of running docker containers:
`docker ps`
- List all docker containers (running and stopped)
- List all docker containers (running and stopped):
`docker ps -a`
- Start a container
- Start a container:
`docker start {{container}}`
- Stop a container
- Stop a container:
`docker stop {{container}}`
- Start a container from an image and get a shell inside of it
- Start a container from an image and get a shell inside of it:
`docker run -it {{image}} bash`
- Run a command inside of an already running container
- Run a command inside of an already running container:
`docker exec {{container}} {{command}}`

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> A command-line shell and scripting interface for Drupal.
- Download module "foo"
- Download module "foo":
`drush dl {{foo}}`
- Download version 7.x-2.1-beta1 of module "foo"
- Download version 7.x-2.1-beta1 of module "foo":
`drush dl {{foo}}-7.x-2.1-beta1`
- Enable module "foo"
- Enable module "foo":
`drush en {{foo}}`
- Disable module "foo"
- Disable module "foo":
`drush dis {{foo}}`
- Clear all caches
- Clear all caches:
`drush cc all`
- Clear CSS and JavaScript caches
- Clear CSS and JavaScript caches:
`drush cc css-js`

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> Can be used to convert ebooks between common formats, e.g., pdf, epub and mobi.
> Part of the Calibre ebook library tool.
- Convert an ebook into another format.
- Convert an ebook into another format:
`ebook-convert {{source}} {{destination}}`

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# echo
> Print given arguments
> Print given arguments.
- Print a text message. Note: quotes are optional.
- Print a text message. Note: quotes are optional:
`echo {{"Hello World"}}`
- Print a message with environment variables
- Print a message with environment variables:
`echo {{"My path is $PATH"}}`

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# electrum
> Ergonomic Bitcoin wallet and private key management
> Ergonomic Bitcoin wallet and private key management.
- Create a new wallet
- Create a new wallet:
`electrum -w {{new-wallet.dat}} create`
- Restore an existing wallet from seed offline
- Restore an existing wallet from seed offline:
`electrum -w {{recovery-wallet.dat}} restore -o`
- Create a signed transaction offline
- Create a signed transaction offline:
`electrum mktx {{recipient}} {{amount}} -f 0.0000001 -F {{from}} -o`
- Display all wallet receiving addresses
- Display all wallet receiving addresses:
`electrum listaddresses -a`
- Sign a message
- Sign a message:
`electrum signmessage {{address}} {{message}}`
- Verify a message
- Verify a message:
`electrum verifymessage {{address}} {{signature}} {{message}}`
- Connect only to a specific electrum-server instance
- Connect only to a specific electrum-server instance:
`electrum -p socks5:{{127.0.0.1}}:9050 -s {{56ckl5obj37gypcu.onion}}:50001:t -1`

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# emacs
> The extensible, customizable, self-documenting, real-time display editor
> The extensible, customizable, self-documenting, real-time display editor.
- Open emacs in console mode (without X window)
- Open emacs in console mode (without X window):
`emacs -nw`
- Open a file in emacs
- Open a file in emacs:
`emacs {{filename}}`
- Exit emacs
- Exit emacs:
`C-x C-c`

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# enca
> Detect and convert encoding of text files
> Detect and convert encoding of text files.
- detect file(s) encoding according to your system's locale
- Detect file(s) encoding according to your system's locale:
`enca {{file(s)}}`
- detect file(s) encoding; -L option tells enca the current language; language is in the POSIX/C locale format, e.g. zh_CN, en_US etc.
- Detect file(s) encoding; -L option tells enca the current language; language is in the POSIX/C locale format, e.g. zh_CN, en_US etc:
`enca -L {{language}} {{file(s)}}`
- convert file(s) to specified encoding
- Convert file(s) to specified encoding:
`enca -L {{language}} -x {{to_encoding}} {{file(s)}}`
- save original_file as new_file and convert new_file to specified encoding
- Save original_file as new_file and convert new_file to specified encoding:
`enca -L {{language}} -x {{to_encoding}} < {{original_file}} > {{new_file}}`

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# env
> Show the environment or run a program in a modified environment
> Show the environment or run a program in a modified environment.
- Show the environment
- Show the environment:
`env`
- Clear the environment and run a program
- Clear the environment and run a program:
`env -i {{program}}`
- Remove variable from the environment and run a program
- Remove variable from the environment and run a program:
`env -u {{variable}} {{program}}`
- Set a variable and run a program
- Set a variable and run a program:
`env {{variable}}={{value}} {{program}}`

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# exiftool
> Read and write meta information in files
> Read and write meta information in files.
- Remove all EXIF metadata from the given files
- Remove all EXIF metadata from the given files:
`exiftool -All= {{file}}`

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# fdupes
> Finds duplicate files in a given
> set of directories
> Finds duplicate files in a given.
> Set of directories.
- search a single directory
- Search a single directory:
`fdupes {{directory}}`
- search multiple directories
- Search multiple directories:
`fdupes {{directory1}} {{directory2}}`
- search all directories recursively
- Search all directories recursively:
`fdupes -r {{directory}}`
- search multiple directories, one recursively
- Search multiple directories, one recursively:
`fdupes {{directory1}} -R {{directory2}}`

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# ffmpeg
> Video conversion tool
> Video conversion tool.
- Extract the sound from a video and save it as MP3
- Extract the sound from a video and save it as MP3:
`ffmpeg -i {{video-filename}} -vn -ar 44100 -ac 2 -ab 192 -f mp3 {{sound.mp3}}`
- Convert frames from a video into individual numbered images
- Convert frames from a video into individual numbered images:
`ffmpeg -i {{video-filename}} {{image%d.png}}`
- Combine numbered images (image1.jpg, image2.jpg, etc) into a video
- Combine numbered images (image1.jpg, image2.jpg, etc) into a video:
`ffmpeg -f image2 -i {{image%d.jpg}} {{video.mpg}}`
- Convert AVI video to MP4. AAC Audio @ 128kbit, Video @ 1250Kbit
- Convert AVI video to MP4. AAC Audio @ 128kbit, Video @ 1250Kbit:
`ffmpeg -i {{in.avi}} -acodec libfaac -ab 128k -vcodec mpeg4 -b 1250K {{out.mp4}}`

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# file
> Determine file type
> Determine file type.
- Give a description of the type of the specified file. Works fine for files with no file extension.
- Give a description of the type of the specified file. Works fine for files with no file extension:
`file {{filename}}`
- Look inside a zipped file and determine the file type(s) inside
- Look inside a zipped file and determine the file type(s) inside:
`file -z {{foo.zip}}`

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# find
> Find files under the given directory tree, recursively
> Find files under the given directory tree, recursively.
- find files by extension
- Find files by extension:
`find {{root_path}} -name {{'*.py'}}`
- find files matching path pattern
- Find files matching path pattern:
`find {{root_path}} -path {{'**/lib/**/*.py'}}`
- run a command for each file, use {} within the command to access the filename
- Run a command for each file, use {} within the command to access the filename:
`find {{root_path}} -name {{'*.py'}} -exec {{wc -l {} }}\;`
- find files modified since a certain time
- Find files modified since a certain time:
`find {{root_path}} -name {{'*.py'}} -mtime {{-1d}}`
- find files using case insensitive name matching, of a certain size
- Find files using case insensitive name matching, of a certain size:
`find {{root_path}} -size +500k -size -10MB -iname {{'*.TaR.gZ'}}`
- delete files by name, older than a certain number of days
- Delete files by name, older than a certain number of days:
`find {{root_path}} -name {{'*.py'}} -mtime {{-180d}} -delete`

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# fortune
> Print a random quotation (fortune-cookie style)
> Print a random quotation (fortune-cookie style).
- Print a quotation
- Print a quotation:
`fortune`
- Print a quotation from a given database
- Print a quotation from a given database:
`fortune {{database}}`
- Print a list of quotation databases
- Print a list of quotation databases:
`fortune -f`
- Print an offensive quotation
- Print an offensive quotation:
`fortune -o`
- Print a long quotation
- Print a long quotation:
`fortune -l`
- Print a short quotation
- Print a short quotation:
`fortune -s`

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# fswebcam
> small and simple webcam for *nix
> Small and simple webcam for *nix.
- Take a picture
- Take a picture:
`fswebcam {{filename}}`
- Take a picture with custom resolution
- Take a picture with custom resolution:
`fswebcam -r {{width}}x{{height}} {{filename}}`
- Take a picture from selected device(Default is /dev/vidoe0)
- Take a picture from selected device(Default is /dev/vidoe0):
`fswebcam -d {{device}} {{filename}}`
- Take a picture with timestamp(timestamp string is formatted by strftime)
- Take a picture with timestamp(timestamp string is formatted by strftime):
`fswebcam --timestamp {{timestamp}} {{filename}}`

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> Preprocesses and compiles C and C++ source files, then assembles and links them together.
- Compile multiple source files into executable
- Compile multiple source files into executable:
`gcc {{source1.c}} {{source2.c}} -o {{executable}}`
- Allow warnings, debug symbols in output
- Allow warnings, debug symbols in output:
`gcc {{source.c}} -Wall -Og -o {{executable}}`
- Include libraries from a different path
- Include libraries from a different path:
`gcc {{source.c}} -o {{executable}} -I{{header_path}} -L{{library_path}} -l{{library_name}}`

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> Interact with the package manager for the Ruby programming language.
- Install latest version of a gem
- Install latest version of a gem:
`gem install {{gemname}}`
- Install specific version of a gem
- Install specific version of a gem:
`gem install {{gemname}} -v {{1.0.0}}`
- Update a gem
- Update a gem:
`gem update {{gemname}}`
- List all gems
- List all gems:
`gem list`
- Uninstall a gem
- Uninstall a gem:
`gem uninstall {{gemname}}`

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# gifsicle
> Create gifs
> Create gifs.
- Making a GIF animation with gifsicle
- Making a GIF animation with gifsicle:
`gifsicle --delay={{10}} --loop *.gif > {{anim.gif}}`
- Extracting frames from an animation
- Extracting frames from an animation:
`gifsicle {{anim.gif}} '#0' > {{firstframe.gif}}`
- You can also edit animations by replacing, deleting, or inserting frames
- You can also edit animations by replacing, deleting, or inserting frames:
`gifsicle -b {{anim.gif}} --replace '#0' {{new.gif}}`

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# git add
> Adds changed files to the index
> Adds changed files to the index.
- Add a file to the index
- Add a file to the index:
`git add {{PATHSPEC}}`
- Add all files (tracked and untracked)
- Add all files (tracked and untracked):
`git add .`
- Only add already tracked files
- Only add already tracked files:
`git add -u`
- Also add ignored files
- Also add ignored files:
`git add -f`

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# git blame
> Show commit hash and last author on each line of a file
> Show commit hash and last author on each line of a file.
- Print file with author name and commit hash on each line
- Print file with author name and commit hash on each line:
`git blame {{file}}`
- Print file with author email and commit hash on each line
- Print file with author email and commit hash on each line:
`git blame -e {{file}}`

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# git branch
> Main command for working with branches
> Main command for working with branches.
- List local branches. The current branch is highlighted by `*`.
- List local branches. The current branch is highlighted by `*`:
`git branch`
- List all local and remote branches
- List all local and remote branches:
`git branch -a`
- Create new branch based on current branch
- Create new branch based on current branch:
`git branch {{BRANCH-NAME}}`
- Delete a local branch
- Delete a local branch:
`git branch -d {{BRANCH-NAME}}`
- Move/Rename a branch
- Move/Rename a branch:
`git branch -m`

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# git checkout
> Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree
> Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree.
- Switch to another branch
- Switch to another branch:
`git checkout {{BRANCH-NAME}}`
- Create and switch to a new branch
- Create and switch to a new branch:
`git checkout -b {{BRANCH-NAME}}`
- Undo unstaged local modification
- Undo unstaged local modification:
`git checkout .`

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# git clone
> Clone an existing repository
> Clone an existing repository.
- Clone an existing repository
- Clone an existing repository:
`git clone {{REMOTE-REPOSITORY-LOCATION}}`
- For cloning from the local machine
- For cloning from the local machine:
`git clone -l`
- Do it quietly
- Do it quietly:
`git clone -q`
- Clone an existing repository, and truncate to the specified number of revisions, save your time mostly
- Clone an existing repository, and truncate to the specified number of revisions, save your time mostly:
`git clone --depth 10 {{REMOTE-REPOSITORY-LOCATION}}`

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# git commit
>Commit staged files to the repository
> Commit staged files to the repository.
- Commit staged files to the repository with comment
- Commit staged files to the repository with comment:
`git commit -m {{MESSAGE}}`
- Replace the last commit with currently staged changes
- Replace the last commit with currently staged changes:
`git commit --amend`

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# git config
> Get and set repository or global options
> Get and set repository or global options.
- Print list of options for current repository
- Print list of options for current repository:
`git config --list --local`
- Print global list of options, set in ~/.gitconfig
- Print global list of options, set in ~/.gitconfig:
`git config --list --global`
- Get full list of options
- Get full list of options:
`git config --list`
- Get value of alias.ls option
- Get value of alias.ls option:
`git config alias.st`
- Set option alias.ls=status in file ~/.gitconfig
- Set option alias.ls=status in file ~/.gitconfig:
`git config --global alias.ls "status"`
- Remove option alias.st from ~/.gitconfig
- Remove option alias.st from ~/.gitconfig:
`git config --global --unset alias.st`

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# git diff
> Show changes to tracked files
> Show changes to tracked files.
- Show changes to tracked files
- Show changes to tracked files:
`git diff {{PATHSPEC}}`
- Show only names of changed files.
- Show only names of changed files:
`git diff --name-only {{PATHSPEC}}`
- Output a condensed summary of extended header information.
- Output a condensed summary of extended header information:
`git diff --summary {{PATHSPEC}}`
- Show staged (added, but not yet committed) changes only.
- Show staged (added, but not yet committed) changes only:
`git diff --staged`

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# git init
> Initializes a new local Git repository
> Initializes a new local Git repository.
- Initialize a new local repository
- Initialize a new local repository:
`git init`
- Initialize a barebones repository
- Initialize a barebones repository:
`git init --bare`

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# git log
>Show a history of commits
> Show a history of commits.
- Show a history of commits
- Show a history of commits:
`git log`
- Show the history of a particular file or directory, including differences
- Show the history of a particular file or directory, including differences:
`git log -p {{path}}`
- Show only the first line of each commits
- Show only the first line of each commits:
`git log --oneline`

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# git merge
> Merge branches
> Merge branches.
- Merge a branch with your current branch
- Merge a branch with your current branch:
`git merge {{BRANCH-NAME}}`
- Edit the merge message
- Edit the merge message:
`git merge -e {{BRANCH-NAME}}`

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> Move or rename files and update the git index.
- Move file inside the repo and add the movement to the next commit
- Move file inside the repo and add the movement to the next commit:
`git mv {{path/to/file}} {{new/path/to/file}}`
- Rename file and add renaming to the next commit
- Rename file and add renaming to the next commit:
`git mv {{filename}} {{new_filename}}`
- Overwrite the file in the target path if it exists
- Overwrite the file in the target path if it exists:
`git mv --force {{file}} {{target}}`

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# git pull
> Fetch branch from a remote repository and merge it to local repository
> Fetch branch from a remote repository and merge it to local repository.
- Download changes from default remote repository and merge it
- Download changes from default remote repository and merge it:
`git pull`
- Download changes from default remote repository and use fast forward
- Download changes from default remote repository and use fast forward:
`git pull --rebase`
- Download changes from given remote repository and branch, then merge them into HEAD
- Download changes from given remote repository and branch, then merge them into HEAD:
`git pull {{remote_name}} {{branch}}`

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# git push
> Push commits to a remote repository
> Push commits to a remote repository.
- Publish local changes on a remote branch
- Publish local changes on a remote branch:
`git push {{REMOTE-NAME}} {{LOCAL-BRANCH}}`
- Publish local changes on a remote branch of different name
- Publish local changes on a remote branch of different name:
`git push {{REMOTE-NAME}} {{LOCAL-BRANCH}}:{{REMOTE-BRANCH}}`
- Remove remote branch
- Remove remote branch:
`git push {{REMOTE-NAME}} :{{REMOTE-BRANCH}}`
- Remove remote branches which don't exist locally
- Remove remote branches which don't exist locally:
`git push --prune {{REMOTE-NAME}}`
- Publish tags
- Publish tags:
`git push --tags`

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# git remote
> Manage set of tracked repositories (“remotes”)
> Manage set of tracked repositories (“remotes”).
- Show a list of existing remotes, their names and URL
- Show a list of existing remotes, their names and URL:
`git remote -v`
- Add a remote
- Add a remote:
`git remote add {{remote_name}} {{remote_url}}`
- Change the URL of a remote
- Change the URL of a remote:
`git remote set-url {{remote_name}} {{new_url}}`
- Remove a remote
- Remove a remote:
`git remote remove {{remote_name}}`
- Rename a remote
- Rename a remote:
`git remote rename {{old_name}} {{new_name}}`

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# git rm
> Remove files from repository index and local filesystem
> Remove files from repository index and local filesystem.
- Remove file from repository index and filesystem
- Remove file from repository index and filesystem:
`git rm {{file}}`
- Remove directory
- Remove directory:
`git rm -r {{directory}}`
- Remove file from repository index but keep it untouched locally
- Remove file from repository index but keep it untouched locally:
`git rm --cached {{file}}`

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# git stash
> Stash local Git changes in a temporary area
> Stash local Git changes in a temporary area.
- stash current changes (except new files)
- Stash current changes (except new files):
`git stash save {{optional_stash_name}}`
- include new files in the stash (leaves the index completely clean)
- Include new files in the stash (leaves the index completely clean):
`git stash save -u {{optional_stash_name}}`
- list all stashes
- List all stashes:
`git stash list`
- re-apply the latest stash
- Re-apply the latest stash:
`git stash pop`
- re-apply a stash by name
- Re-apply a stash by name:
`git stash apply {{stash_name}}`
- drop a stash by an index
- Drop a stash by an index:
`git stash drop stash@{index}`

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# git status
> Show the index (changed files)
> Show the index (changed files).
- Show changed files which are not yet added for commit
- Show changed files which are not yet added for commit:
`git status`
- Give output in short format
- Give output in short format:
`git status -s`

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# git svn
> Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git
> Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git.
- clone an SVN repository
- Clone an SVN repository:
`git svn clone {{http://example.com/my_subversion_repo}} {{local_dir}}`
- update local clone from the upstream SVN repository
- Update local clone from the upstream SVN repository:
`git svn rebase`
- commit back to SVN repository
- Commit back to SVN repository:
`git svn dcommit`

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> Create, list, delete or verify tags.
> Tag is reference to specific commit.
- List all tags
- List all tags:
`git tag`
- Create a tag with the given name pointing to the current commit
- Create a tag with the given name pointing to the current commit:
`git tag {{tag_name}}`
- Create a tag with the given message
- Create a tag with the given message:
`git tag {{tag_name}} -m {{tag_message}}`
- Delete the tag with the given name
- Delete the tag with the given name:
`git tag -d {{tag_name}}`

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# git
> Main command for all git commands
> Main command for all git commands.
- Check the Git version
- Check the Git version:
`git --version`
- Call general help
- Call general help:
`git --help`
- Call help on a command
- Call help on a command:
`git help {{COMMAND}}`
- Execute Git command
- Execute Git command:
`git {{COMMAND}}`

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# gpg
> Gnu Privacy Guard
> Gnu Privacy Guard.
- sign doc.txt without encryption (writes output to doc.txt.asc)
- Sign doc.txt without encryption (writes output to doc.txt.asc):
`gpg --clearsign {{doc.txt}}`
- encrypt doc.txt for alice@example.com (output to doc.txt.gpg)
- Encrypt doc.txt for alice@example.com (output to doc.txt.gpg):
`gpg --encrypt --recipient {{alice@example.com}} {{doc.txt}}`
- encrypt doc.txt with only a passphrase (output to doc.txt.gpg)
- Encrypt doc.txt with only a passphrase (output to doc.txt.gpg):
`gpg --symmetric {{doc.txt}}`
- decrypt doc.txt.gpg (output to STDOUT)
- Decrypt doc.txt.gpg (output to STDOUT):
`gpg --decrypt {{doc.txt.gpg}}`
- Import a public key
- Import a public key:
`gpg --import {{public.gpg}}`

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# Gradle
> Gradle is the official build system for Android Studio
> Gradle is the official build system for Android Studio.
- Compile a package
- Compile a package:
`gradle build`
- Clear the build folder
- Clear the build folder:
`gradle clean`
- Compile and Release package
- Compile and Release package:
`gradle assembleRelease`

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# grep
> Matches patterns in input text
> Supports simple patterns and regular expressions
> Matches patterns in input text.
> Supports simple patterns and regular expressions.
- search for an exact string
- Search for an exact string:
`grep {{something}} {{file_path}}`
- search recursively in current directory for an exact string
- Search recursively in current directory for an exact string:
`grep -r {{something}} .`
- use a regex
- Use a regex:
`grep -e {{^regex$}} {{file_path}}`
- see 3 lines of context
- See 3 lines of context:
`grep -C 3 {{something}} {{file_path}}`
- print the count of matches instead of the matching text
- Print the count of matches instead of the matching text:
`grep -c {{something}} {{file_path}}`
- print line number for each match
- Print line number for each match:
`grep -n {{something}} {{file_path}}`
- use the standard input instead of a file
- Use the standard input instead of a file:
`cat {{file_path}} | grep {{something}}`
- invert match for excluding specific strings
- Invert match for excluding specific strings:
`grep -v {{something}}`

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# gzip
> Compress/uncompress files with gzip compression (LZ77)
> Compress/uncompress files with gzip compression (LZ77).
- compress a file, replacing it with a gzipped compressed version
- Compress a file, replacing it with a gzipped compressed version:
`gzip {{file.ext}}`
- decompress a file, replacing it with the original uncompressed version
- Decompress a file, replacing it with the original uncompressed version:
`gzip -d {{file.ext.gz}}`
- compress a file specifying the output filename
- Compress a file specifying the output filename:
`gzip -c {{file.ext}} > compressed-file.ext.gz`
- uncompress a gzipped file specifying the output filename
- Uncompress a gzipped file specifying the output filename:
`gzip -c -d {{file.ext.gz}} > uncompressed-file.ext`
- specify the compression level. 1=Fastest (Worst), 9=Slowest (Best), Default level is 6
- Specify the compression level. 1=Fastest (Worst), 9=Slowest (Best), Default level is 6:
`gzip -9 -c {{file.ext}} > compressed-file.ext.gz`

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# HandBrakeCLI
> Video conversion tool
> Video conversion tool.
- Convert a video file to MKV (AAC 160kbit audio and x264 CRF20 video)
- Convert a video file to MKV (AAC 160kbit audio and x264 CRF20 video):
`HandBrakeCLI -i {{input.avi}} -o {{output.mkv}} -e x264 -q 20 -B 160`
- Resize a video file to 320x240
- Resize a video file to 320x240:
`HandBrakeCLI -i {{input.mp4}} -o {{output.mp4} -w 320 -l 240`
- List available presets
- List available presets:
`HandBrakeCLI --preset-list`
- Convert an AVI video to MP4 using the Android preset
- Convert an AVI video to MP4 using the Android preset:
`HandBrakeCLI --preset="Android" -i {{input.ext}} -o {{output.mp4}}`

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# haxelib
> Haxe Library Manager
> Haxe Library Manager.
- Search for a Haxe library
- Search for a Haxe library:
`haxelib search {{keyword}}`
- Install a Haxe library
- Install a Haxe library:
`haxelib install {{libname}}`
- Upgrade all installed Haxe libraries
- Upgrade all installed Haxe libraries:
`haxelib upgrade`
- Install the development version of a library from a Git repository
- Install the development version of a library from a Git repository:
`haxelib git {{libname}} {{GIT-URL}}`

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> Command Line history.
- Display the commands history list with line numbers
- Display the commands history list with line numbers:
`history`
- Clear the commands history list (only for `bash`)
- Clear the commands history list (only for `bash`):
`history -c`

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# host
> Lookup Domain Name Server
> Lookup Domain Name Server.
- Lookup A, AAAA, and MX records of a domain
- Lookup A, AAAA, and MX records of a domain:
`host {{domain}}`
- Lookup a field (CNAME, TXT,...) of a domain
- Lookup a field (CNAME, TXT,...) of a domain:
`host -t {{field}} {{domain}}`
- Reverse lookup an IP
- Reverse lookup an IP:
`host {{ip_address}}`

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# iconv
> Converts text from one encoding to another
> Converts text from one encoding to another.
- convert file and print to stdout
- Convert file and print to stdout:
`iconv -f {{from_encoding}} -t {{to_encoding}} {{input_file}}`
- convert file to current locale
- Convert file to current locale:
`iconv -f {{from_encoding}} {{input_file}} > {{output_file}}`
- list supported encodings
- List supported encodings:
`iconv -l`

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# ifconfig
> ifconfig - Interface Configurator, used to configure network interfaces.
> Ifconfig - Interface Configurator, used to configure network interfaces.
- View network settings of an ethernet adapter.
- View network settings of an ethernet adapter:
`ifconfig eth0`
- Display details of all interfaces, including disabled interfaces.
- Display details of all interfaces, including disabled interfaces:
`ifconfig -a`
- Disable eth0 interface.
- Disable eth0 interface:
`ifconfig eth0 down`
- Enable eth0 interface.
- Enable eth0 interface:
`ifconfig eth0 up`
- Assign IP address to eth0 interface.
- Assign IP address to eth0 interface:
`ifconfig eth0 {{ip_address}}`

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> Scheduling classes: 1 (realtime), 2 (best-effort), 3 (idle).
> Priority levels: 0 (the highest) - 7 (the lowest).
- Set I/O scheduling class of a running process
- Set I/O scheduling class of a running process:
`ionice -c {{scheduling_class}} -p {{pid}}`
- Run a command with custom I/O scheduling class and priority
- Run a command with custom I/O scheduling class and priority:
`ionice -c {{scheduling_class}} -n {{priority}} {{command}}`
- Print the I/O scheduling class and priority of a running process
- Print the I/O scheduling class and priority of a running process:
`ionice -p {{pid}}`

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# ioping
> monitor I/O latency in real time
> Monitor I/O latency in real time.
- Show disk I/O latency using the default values and the current directory
- Show disk I/O latency using the default values and the current directory:
`ioping .`
- Measure latency on /tmp using 10 requests of 1 megabyte each.
- Measure latency on /tmp using 10 requests of 1 megabyte each:
`ioping -c 10 -s 1M /tmp`
- Measure disk seek rate on /dev/sda.
- Measure disk seek rate on /dev/sda:
`ioping -R /dev/sda`
- Measure disk sequential speed on /dev/sda.
- Measure disk sequential speed on /dev/sda:
`ioping -RL /dev/sda`

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# ipcs
> Display information about ressources used in IPC (Inter-process Communication)
> Display information about ressources used in IPC (Inter-process Communication).
- Specific information about the Message Queue which has the id 32768
- Specific information about the Message Queue which has the id 32768:
`ipcs -qi 32768`
- General information about all the IPC
- General information about all the IPC:
`ipcs -a`

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> Java Application Launcher.
- Execute a java .class file that contains a main method by using just the class name.
- Execute a java .class file that contains a main method by using just the class name:
`java {{filename}}`
- Execute a .jar program.
- Execute a .jar program:
`java -jar {{filename.jar}}`
- Display JDK, JRE and HotSpot versions.
- Display JDK, JRE and HotSpot versions:
`java -version`

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> Java Application Compiler.
- Compile a .java file.
- Compile a .java file:
`javac {{filename.java}}`

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# kill
> Sends a signal to a process
> Mostly used for stopping processes
> Sends a signal to a process.
> Mostly used for stopping processes.
- kill the process
- Kill the process:
`kill {{process_id}}`
- list signal names
- List signal names:
`kill -l`

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# last
> View the last logged in users
> View the last logged in users.
- view last logins, their duration and other information as read from /var/log/wtmp
- View last logins, their duration and other information as read from /var/log/wtmp:
`last`
- specify how many of the last logins to show
- Specify how many of the last logins to show:
`last -n {{login_count}}`
- view full login times and dates
- View full login times and dates:
`last -F`
- view the last login by a specific user
- View the last login by a specific user:
`last {{user_name}}`
- view the last reboot (last login of the pseudo user reboot)
- View the last reboot (last login of the pseudo user reboot):
`last reboot`
- view the last shutdown (last login of the pseudo user shutdown)
- View the last shutdown (last login of the pseudo user shutdown):
`last shutdown`

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# less
> Opens a file for reading
> Allows movement and search
> Doesn't read the entire file (suitable for logs)
> Opens a file for reading.
> Allows movement and search.
> Doesn't read the entire file (suitable for logs).
- open a file
- Open a file:
`less {{source_file}}`
- page up / down
- Page up / down:
`d (next), D (previous)`
- go to start / end of file
- Go to start / end of file:
`g (start), G (end)`
- search for a string
- Search for a string:
`/{{something}} then n (next), N (previous)`
- exit
- Exit:
`q`

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# ln
> Creates links to files and folders
> Creates links to files and folders.
- create a symbolic link to a file or folder
- Create a symbolic link to a file or folder:
`ln -s {{path/to/original/file}} {{path/to/link}}`
- overwrite a symbolic link to a file
- Overwrite a symbolic link to a file:
`ln -sf {{path/to/new/original/file}} {{path/to/file/link}}`
- create a hard link to a file
- Create a hard link to a file:
`ln {{path/to/original/file}} {{path/to/link}}`

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# lp
> print files.
> Print files.
- Print the output of a command to the default printer (see `lpstat` command).
- Print the output of a command to the default printer (see `lpstat` command):
`echo "test" | lp`
- Print a file to the default printer.
- Print a file to the default printer:
`lp {{path/to/filename}}`
- Print a file to a named printer (see `lpstat` command).
- Print a file to a named printer (see `lpstat` command):
`lp -d {{printer_name}} {{path/to/filename}}`
- Print N copies of file to default printer (replace N with desired number of copies).
- Print N copies of file to default printer (replace N with desired number of copies):
`lp -n {{N}} {{path/to/filename}}`
- Print only certain pages to the default printer (print pages 1, 3-5, and 16).
- Print only certain pages to the default printer (print pages 1, 3-5, and 16):
`lp -P 1,3-5,16 {{path/to/filename}}`

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# lpstat
> show status information about printers
> Show status information about printers.
- List printers present on the machine and whether they are enabled for printing.
- List printers present on the machine and whether they are enabled for printing:
`lpstat -p`
- Show the default printer.
- Show the default printer:
`lpstat -d`
- Display all available status information.
- Display all available status information:
`lpstat -t`
- Show a list of print jobs queued by the specified user.
- Show a list of print jobs queued by the specified user:
`lpstat -u {{user}}`

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# ls
> List directory contents
> List directory contents.
- List all files, even hidden
- List all files, even hidden:
`ls -a`
- List all file names (no extra info)
- List all file names (no extra info):
`ls -A1`
- List all files with their rights, groups, owner
- List all files with their rights, groups, owner:
`ls -l`
- List all files and display the file size in a human readable format
- List all files and display the file size in a human readable format:
`ls -lh`
- List all files with a prefix/suffix
- List all files with a prefix/suffix:
`ls {{prefix}}*`
`ls *{{suffix}}`
- Sort the results by size, last modified date, or creation date
- Sort the results by size, last modified date, or creation date:
`ls -S`
`ls -t`
`ls -U`
- Reverse the order of the results
- Reverse the order of the results:
`ls -r`

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# lsof
> Lists open files and the corresponding processes
> Lists open files and the corresponding processes.
- find the processes that have a given file open
- Find the processes that have a given file open:
`lsof {{/path/to/file}}`
- find the process that opened a local internet port
- Find the process that opened a local internet port:
`lsof -i :{{8080}}`
- only output the process PID (e.g. to pipe into kill)
- Only output the process PID (e.g. to pipe into kill):
`lsof -t {{/path/to/file}} | xargs kill -9`

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> Send and receive mail.
- To send mail, the content is typed after the command and ended with Control-D
- To send mail, the content is typed after the command and ended with Control-D:
`mailx -s "{{subject}}" {{to_addr}}`
- Send mail with short content.
- Send mail with short content:
`echo "{{content}}" | mailx -s "{{subject}}" {{to_addr}}`
- Send mail with content which written in a file.
- Send mail with content which written in a file:
`mailx -s "{{subject}}" {{to_addr}} < {{content.txt}}`
- Send mail to a recipient and CC to another address.
- Send mail to a recipient and CC to another address:
`mailx -s "{{subject}}" -c {{cc_addr}} {{to_addr}}`
- Send mail and set sender address.
- Send mail and set sender address:
`mailx -s "{{subject}}" -r {{from_addr}} {{to_addr}}`
- Send mail with an attachment.
- Send mail with an attachment:
`mailx -a {{file}} -s "{{subject}}" {{to_addr}}`

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> Task runner for rules described in Makefile.
> Mostly used to control the compilation of an executable from source code.
- Call the all rule
- Call the all rule:
`make`
- Call a specific rule
- Call a specific rule:
`make {{rule}}`
- Use specific Makefile
- Use specific Makefile:
`make -f {{file}}`
- Execute make from another directory
- Execute make from another directory:
`make -C {{directory}}`

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# man
> Format and display manual pages
> Format and display manual pages.
- Display man page for a command
- Display man page for a command:
`man {{command}}`
- Display path searched for manpages
- Display path searched for manpages:
`man --path`
- Display location of a manpage rather than the manpage itself
- Display location of a manpage rather than the manpage itself:
`man -w {{command}}`
- Do a keyword search for manpages containing a search string
- Do a keyword search for manpages containing a search string:
`man -k {{keyword}}`

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